Classification Of Forests By Functions Environmental Sciences Essay

Forests play a critical function in the development and in guaranting environmental sustainability of the state. Besides providing wood merchandises for economic development, woods besides contribute significantly to cut downing inundation and storm amendss by keeping and chairing H2O flows, providing H2O for production and support activities, extenuating erodings, landslides, and bring forthing hydroelectricity. Forests besides heighten clime control, conserve biodiversity and familial resources, and supply chances for eco-tourism and out-of-door diversion. Forests besides hold a important portion in the Earth ‘s clime by absorbing and hive awaying C – therefore cut downing planetary heating. Franklin D. Roosevelt, one of the greatest work forces in the US history has said: â€Å" A state that destroys its dirts destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, sublimating the air and giving fresh strength to our people † . In Viet Nam, a state that the bulk of population still depends on agribusiness, forestry significantly contributes to sustainable, economic growing, stabilisation of society. However, as the state grows economically, the demand for forestry additions quickly, therefore influences the biodiversity every bit good as the ecosystem. This essay will show the function of wood in Vietnam, so travel on to the categorization of wood and eventually illustrate key issues that impacting woods and forestry.Discussion of findingsFunctions of woodsAs the natural woods are greatly of import to the state, the functions of woods in Vietnam are shown in assorted facets. Forests are beginning of nutrient. In many parts of the state, particularly some distant countries, woods play an of import portion in human nutrient supply. Human nutrient from woods can be classified into 2 chief groups: workss and animate beings origin. The group of workss includes gathered fruits, seed, foliages and mushroom. Because of the natural growing, workss nutrients are wholly fresh and incorporate a high degree of foods such as saccharides, fructose and other micronutrients, vitamins and minerals, for case ( Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department 1996 ) . In some instances, seeds or olives and palm fruits can be pressed to bring forth vegetable oils, which is highly healthy for human by incorporating a big figure of Calories and no cholesterin ( Simpson & A ; Ogorzaly 1995, p.315 ) . The 2nd group, carnal nutrients, includes insects, larvae and hunted animate beings. Forests are beginning of medical specialty: Since the early age of human history, workss have been proved to be particularly utile for handling diseases. Many remedies for black diseases were originated from workss ( Simpson & A ; Ogorzaly 1995, p.376 ) . These yearss in Vietnam, wild workss are still considered as the chief medicative beginning for pharmaceutical industry. It is possible in the close hereafter that more utile botanical drugs, will be found as different workss are tested ( Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department 1996 ) . Forests are the chief stuff beginnings. In Vietnam, forests hold an indispensable portion in providing stuff for human. Wood harvested from plantations is the chief stuff beginning for edifice houses and bring forthing domestic equipment. Forests besides provide natural stock for forest merchandise processing industry and firewood for dependent cultural minorities in cragged countries ( Tien & A ; Thong 2008 ) . Forests protect home grounds. Forests provide shelter for human life and wildlife. They have an highly ecological map with the environment. Forests significantly take portion in doing the clime equable, minimising negative effects of inundations and battling eroding. Harmonizing to Tien & A ; Thong ( 2008 ) , forest ‘s part in keeping the stableness and birthrate of land dirt is undeniable. It is estimated that the sum of dirt eroding where close woods are available is equal to merely 10 % of those topographic points without woods. Forests provide relaxation and amusement: with fresh air and a cool atmosphere, woods are perfects finishs for those seeking for peaceable topographic points to loosen up in holidaies, avoiding pollution and bad effects from noisy urban countries ( Tien and Thong 2008 ) . Coastal protection: woods contribute to protect the state ‘s sea seashore, particularly mangrove woods. They are really utile for screening moving ridges, air current, storms and sea invasion. Many studies about function of woods in the defence against tsunami have been done after the atrocious tsunami in December 26th, 2004 caused the decease of 100s of 1000s people in assorted states in Asia and Africa. Shuto ( 1987, cited in Latief and Hadi 2007 ) said that: Forests may cut down tsunami impact and asserted that a wood is effectual for several grounds: 1 ) it stops driftwood and other jetsam ; 2 ) it reduces H2O flow speed and flood deepness ; 3 ) it provides a life-saving trap for people swept off land by a tsunami run-down ; and 4 ) it amasses wind-blown sand and create dunes, which serve as a natural barriers against tsunamis. Forests play an of import function in C segregation and storage. Forests contribute unusually to cut down the heating of the Earth and life environment. Forests provide the indispensable environmental universe service of recycling C dioxide into O. 40 per centum of the O is produced in tropical rain woods ( Boland 2009 ) . In other word, they are â€Å" Lungs of the Planet † . This map besides evidently belongs to natural woods in Vietnam. Therefore, forest loss could do unexpected alterations in the ambiance and natural catastrophes. Forests contribute to the society: forestry creates occupations for Vietnamese, particularly for people in rural and cragged countries. In recent old ages, the development of ecological touristry besides contributes to lifting income degree for local people and cut downing poorness ( Tien & A ; Thong 2008 ) .2.2. Categorization of woods by mapsEntire land country that the Government planned for forestry is 16.24 million hectares. It is divided into 3 forest classs. Special-use wood: the land planned for development of special-use woods is 2.199.342 hectares, which accounts for 13.5 % of the entire country. Special-use wood has been identified in order to continue nature, protect species of the forest ecosystem and conserve cistron beginnings. It besides provides for research, protects historical and cultural relics and caters for remainder, diversion and touristry. Harmonizing to Vietnam Administration of Forestry 2011, special-use wood is a combination of National Parks, Nature preservation countries, Landscape protection countries and scientific experimental and research countries. Protection woods: the land planned for protection woods is 4.832.962 hectares, which makes up 37 % of the entire country. Protection woods, which are chiefly planned to protect and modulate H2O resources, contribute significantly in the procedures of protect dirt, prevent eroding, limit natural catastrophes, moderate the clime and guarantee the ecological balance and environmental security. There are 4 chief types of protection woods: watershed protection forest, air current and sand interruptions forest, wave breaks protection forest, protection wood for ecology and landscapes. Production woods: the land planned histories for the bulk of entire country with 8,495,823 hectares, which is tantamount to 52.3 % . Production forests chiefly serve the intent of bring forthing both timber and non-timber wood merchandises for the market and at the same clip to protect the environment and continue the ecological balance ( Vietnam Administration of Forestry 2011 ) .2.3. Key issuesVietnam forestry is confronting up several issues. Harmonizing to Coe 2005, forest coverage in Vietnam has fallen 29 % over the last 60 old ages. Pressure on land and wood merchandises is increasing due to the development of agribusiness and the growing of population ( Raven, Evert & A ; Eichorn 1992, p.698 ) . Meanwhile the job of feeding people in cragged countries is highly difficult to work out because of the deficiency of agricultural land and free population motion. Deforestation for agricultural productiveness every bit good as lumber exports has led to serious jobs. The biodiversity o f natural wood is diminishing as a effect. Vietnamese Government had taken some action against deforestation and it seemed to hold brought some consequence. From 1993, the sum of lumber cut down illicitly was strongly minimized ( Hill 1997 ) . However, there are still a scope of jobs presents. Forest direction is non united and sustainable. The figure and the ability of forest officers do non run into the demands. Therefore, in some parts of the state, deforestation for illegal lumber exports is still out of the control. In recent old ages, forestry has made some accomplishment but its part to GDP is still really little. Forestry has non efficaciously helped people cut down poorness because the income of people working in this field is extremely unstable. Most of the workers in this field come from distant countries. Their lives can non be wholly dependent on the forestry. Meanwhile, the engineering is non developed plenty to run into the demands. The available methods to utilize 1000000s hectares of natural wood are limited. As a consequence, it could non convey the income to local people ( Forest Science Institute of Vietnam 2009 ) .DecisionVietnam National Forest contributes greatly to environment protection, land care, eroding control, inundation decrease and supplying home ground for wildlife. Meanwhile, forestry and forest merchandise processing industry holds an indispensable portion in the national economic system. In recent old ages, Government ‘s policies to better forestry and protec t natural woods have made some alterations. The consequences show in the addition of forest coverage and accomplishment of merchandise processing industry. However, there are still several jobs such as deforestation and force per unit area on land and wood merchandises. It is extremely pressing for the Government to happen effectual solutions to work out the state of affairs and heighten the forestry of Vietnam.Word count: 1508

Department of Employment Essay

An increase in part time employment has been in the Retail and tertiary sectors. A survey carried out by the   suggested that 77% of workers in nightclubs, bars and public houses were part time workers, 65% of food retail workers were part time employees and 57% of restaurant workers were part time employees. The split between new full time jobs and part time jobs in the UK was 50.1% part time jobs and 49.9% full-time.  2(a) Identify the indicators normally used to distinguish between developing and developed countries and analyse their usefulness. In the world there are developed countries and developing countries and in order to distinguish the two indicators are used. Indicators such as GDP per head, life expectancy and birth rate are used to distinguish between the two types of countries.  GDP (Gross domestic product) per head shows the average income person and can be calculated quite easily. This can be used to compare the GDP per head of two countries; a developed country will have a higher GDP per head than a developing country. It used to indicate how goods and services they can consume and thus gives a gives a standard of living. GDP per head alone does not give a clear indication of the amount of goods and services an average person can consume. Therefore it can be adjusted to GDP per person in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and this accounts for the cost of living. The PPP method takes the same amounts of goods and services in two countries and then calculates how much it would cost to buy these goods and services, i.e. a $100 in Ethiopia can buy more goods and services than a $100 in the United States, and without adjusting to PPP using GDP per head on its own to compare two countries would be unfair. GDP per head in PPP is a useful indicator of comparing two countries and especially in comparing a developed country to a developing country because it measures the average income per person and it is adjusted to its purchasing power, so if a person in country A gets $4 per hour and a person in country B gets $1 per however it does not necessarily mean that the person in country A can buy 4 times as much goods as the person in country B (given that they both work the same amount of hours). There are also weaknesses however in the GDP per head even when it is adjusted to PPP, it does not take in account the hidden economy. The hidden economy includes illegal activity, subsistence farming, and DIY etc. this would be particularly important in LEDC’s where there is a large rural economy and a great deal of corruption. For example it is thought if the hidden economy of Nigeria is brought forward in calculating its GDP then the GDP would increase by 70%. Another weakness is that although the GDP per head may be high it may mask a very wide distribution of wealth. In Saudi Arabia for example there are a very rich few the raise the GDP per head whereas the rest of the country are is not as economically well of as the GDP would suggest. Knowledge is also an indicator used to distinguish between developed and developing countries. Along with resources knowledge is need to make good use of the resources. Therefore education is a good indicator, this would include literacy rate and percentage of people going to higher education. In developed countries it is compulsory for children under the age of 16 to attend school, in developing countries however a percentage of the children start work before the age 16, as they need to help out with the family income. Children are seen as a source of income in poorer community of the LEDC’s and therefore are sent to work at an early age rather than attending school. This is particularly true in the rural areas of an LEDC. In developed countries there is no need for the children to work at such an early age as the parents usually work and can pay for their expenses or they can claim benefits from the government. The number of people that go on to university can be measured and in developed countries there are a greater number of people going to university than in developing countries. The graph (on the following page) compares the United Sates to Uzbekistan. It is quite clear that there are a greater number of university students in the United Sates than there are in Uzbekistan. Literacy rate is commonly used to compare to countries and does give a set of good results when comparing a developed country to a developing country. The number university student is not used as indicator but it is another example of how developed countries have more people going on to further education. Life expectancy and infant mortality are two important indicators between developed and developing countries. Life expectancy and infant mortality both show the state of the country’s health care. In developed countries the health care is quite good and people with an illness are likely to get a cure for their illness quickly and survive, but in developing countries there are poor health care systems and patients do not get treated as well or as quickly and as result there are deaths that could be prevented. A low infant mortality is the result of a good health care system and good health care systems are found in developed countries. For example in Bangladesh infant mortality is 69.98 per 1000 where as in Switzerland it is 4.87 per 1000. Life expectancy and infant mortality can be used to good effect to distinguish between developed and developing countries. The two indicators show the how much a government or the people of the country are willing to pay for their health care, the wealthier the country the better the health care, and wealthy countries are the developed countries. Life expectancy can, however, be very low, in Rwanda the life expectancy is 22, and this can give the impression that the country is the lowest of the developing countries. The low age of life expectancy is because of war and young men who are soldiers are the most likely to die and thus bring down the life expectancy. If there were no wars then life expectancy would be much higher and the country may not be seen as the â€Å"worst† of the developing countries.

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay - 12

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror - Essay Example The effect of Habeas Corpus was first felt when the law of Anglo-Saxon was in existence. In 1215, Habeas Corpus followed the Magna Carta before it was experienced and used by the king and the court that was under him. During the era of King Edward, Habeas Corpus was published in the form of Blackstone by a judge in England. It fought against the imprisonment of people or any one being sent to exile without the law being followed. At the time, Magna Carta was a law that was very common in England. This condition played a vital part in the making of Habeas Carter a law in the English constitution. It is not long ago since Habeas Corpus was incorporated into the system of the United States of America. This was in the year 1801 when the then president of the United States mentioned it in his speech. The president said that the people of the United States of America would be protected by Habeas Corpus so that they could continue enjoying their freedom. It was then put in the constitution of the country where it is still being used in the present day in the United States of America. Habeas Corpus has adapted the same tradition as that of the England whereby it ensures that people are imprisoned legally and for a legal reason (Gregory, 2013). The first time it was suspended in the United States of America was by the then president Abraham Lincoln. The president did this after he heard that the officials of Maryland who dealt with anti-war issues were planning to destroy the railway that was connecting the United States of America to Annapolis and Philadelphia. This rail was very important in the supplying the needs to the soldiers who were getting ready to attack and fight the south (Gregory, 2013) Lincoln only suspended it in Maryland route and was mainly influenced by the requests that the generals of the army proposed. The generals wanted military courts to be set up so that he could rein over his opponents politically. Abraham

Environmental impacts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental impacts - Coursework Example While oil shale offers an important source of energy, the processing should comply with the regulations of Energy Information Administration and appropriate measures should be undertaken to combat the impacts. The conventional habitats of the living creatures are encroached upon and this adversely affects the biodiversity in a region. The variety in the species begin to shrink owing to unfavorable living conditions. (Kattel 2003). The gaseous, solid and liquid wastes emitted as a result of the extraction process interact with each other to produce more toxic and carcinogenic effects (Molder 2004). This causes immense harm to the health and habitats of all living creatures, including humans. Due to loss of habitat and a source of food, many species become rare and at times extinct from the earth. Also the extraction site has to be evacuated which leads to loss of homes for the inhabiting populations. Huge amounts of water are required during the extraction process and for cooling down the effluents. The discharged wastes run off into the local water bodies, causing water pollution. This harms the aquatic animals and plants. The discharged water laden with waste products like tar, phenol, etc. often seeps into the soil through a process called leaching and then comes in contact with underground water and other potable water sources. Consumption of such water by plants, animals and humans have serious aftereffects (Tuvikene 1999). The open dumping of solid wastes can create the risks of a fire or an accident owing to the self-ignition of some inflammable solids when they come into contact with certain atmospheric gases (Petts 2009). Few of the gases that are released as a result of the thermal processing of compounds and the combustion of wastes cause a rise in global temperature and lead to an irreversible damage to the protective ozone layer. The above figure shows that the temperatures in the Colorado Basin estimated on average over

Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Statement - Essay Example I will attempt to prove all this today and over the following nine days, but first I would like to tell you some more about who the victim in this case really is. Ms. Chen joined the staff at Monash University as a teacher and research academic in May of 2008. Before that time Ms. Chen had worked at the Imperial College in London and also at the University of Cambridge. She had gained two PhDs; one from Imperial College in 2007 for Biomaterials and the other from the University of Science and Technology of Beijing in 1992 for Metallurgical Physics. Professor Sian Harding from the Imperial College of London made the comment that "Qizhi (Ms. Chens nickname) is an exceptionally bright and creative scientist." In terms of her teaching capabilities, Professor Alexander Bismarck, also from Imperial College, remarked that Qizhi is "a gifted teacher." To put it simply, Ms. Chen is an independent thinker, hard-working academic and strong-minded woman who has carved out a fine academic career for herself. In contrast to many female academics who choose to put their career above a family, Ms. Chen is a very typical conservative Chinese woman with a strong family life. She also has a 12-year-old son, who is the apple of her eye. In conjunction with pursuing her academic goals and objectives, Ms. Chen is of the belief that being a mother with a caring family around her is considered to be the greatest achievement a woman can make. In line with her cultural values, Ms. Chen possesses the traits of loyalty, decency, and honesty. Also, Ms. Chen balances her work life and personal life in a way that allows her to have healthy relationships with everyone who she comes across. She is a woman who is quick to forgive and only make judgements based on facts rather than conjecture. In the workplace, Ms. Chen prefers an inclusive approach whereby knowledge can be shared for the benefit of

Compare and Contrast Videos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and Contrast Videos - Essay Example Social, political and economic aspects are highlighted in any form of information that perceives to be passed (Zelkowitz 186). This paper considers a comparison and a contrast prior to two videos in the context of passing intended information to the right audience. The video is about a laptop. The handler of this laptop is well aware of the task ahead of the team, but finds himself in a situation where he is asked to do a task that he is not in a position to using the computer. The second video is about cops. It presents a scenario of how cops overstep their powers to handle the public in an unethical manner, given their role in the society. Although the videos are set up on different contexts, similarities and differences can be noted in the procedural development of events prior to each video. Comparison 1. The two videos are used to convey a given message. The first video (about a computer) presents a scenario where the old generation does not know how to use computers. The person who had carried the computer thought that that was his sole duty although they want to break into an army base. The video therefore communicates the importance of knowing how to operate a computer regardless of the age. On the other hand, the video about the cops is aimed at mobilizing the public towards their rights and entitlements. It presents ways in which the cops harass the public, and therefore aims to put the public in notice that the police do over step human rights. Basically, the two videos have a message to pass. 2. Both the videos involve security issues. The team in the video about a computer is about to break into army base. It is expected that this action will trigger security concerns internally and externally. The aim of breaking into the army base is not presented in the video, but if a clean deal is expected out of the actions of this team, then they would use the main gate to get inside the army base. Their actions are therefore tailored towards jeopardizing se curity within and without the army base. Police forces are expected to maintain and order at all times (Gaines 348). When the cops fail to respect the integrity, rights and freedoms of the people, then they fail to observe set laws. This is set to trigger a conflict between the cops and the people as it is seen in the Cop Watch video. Both the videos therefore have aspects of security brought on board. 3. Ill motives While the computer team wants to break into an army base, the Cops in the Cop Watch video are violating human rights. Both the videos present a motive of undertaking an ill-oriented action against another party. In both videos, the characters understand who they are dealing with. That is, the computer team acknowledges that it wants to break into an army base, meaning that they fully understand their actions and they are well informed of the other party. This is the same case with the cops. They fully understand that they are dealing with the public. Although they are w ell aware of the rights and freedoms of the public, they are ignorant enough to act offended and overuse their power and authority. Contrast 1. Tools of work While the computer team is dependent on the computer to achieve their objective, the cops on the other movie are making use of assigned weapons, power and authori

Assignment 10(775) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assignment 10(775) - Essay Example finds him/herself in a position to access the available opportunity in gaining additional into the research process and other topics that are under investigation. This action can lead to education empowerment between different individuals, especially encouraging and giving heart to those who didn’t have a heart in taking this action. Whenever a practitioner undertakes this, he/she will help others who might fear to do the same, they will come in, creating a pool of ideas, empowering their profession in the long run. It has also led to the emergence of the Action Research Community (ARC), where those with teaching jobs come together and share some of their ideas. In ARC, the education professionals present come up with ideas on how to improve some of the aspects of the educational process such as classroom instructional practice. The process of academician presenting their action research has empowered educator at all levels, especially those who take part and make proceedings on the same. They get their selves in a position to make decisions as a result developing skills and capabilities, and gain concentration towards developing their professional needs. This is because they learn a lot of knowledge and therefore effectively increase in their practice, by affecting them positively hence focusing on their professional needs. There are a number of alternative techniques, not discussed in the chapter that I can use for sharing the findings of my research. Nearly all this techniques are simply the adaptations of the other forms of professional communications, which have made use of the technology. I use of YOU-TUBE as a social site, where I will update all my new and current action research and my findings and other professionals in the same field can see. I will also come up with a website and create some links where all the other practitioners in the same line of profession, globally, can meet and share the newly identified ideas. Others will include

State or Critique Todays charges against the MNCs Essay

State or Critique Todays charges against the MNCs - Essay Example The global liberalization has paved the way for fast expansion and growth of MNC’s. The value added of all foreign affiliates of MNC’s as a percentage of world GDP increased from about 5 percent in the beginning of the 1980’s to nearly 7 percent in 1990’s and to 15 percent in 2000’s. The dominance of MNC’s is very clear when the contribution towards a country is seen. The GDP of most of the nations is smaller than the value of the annual turnover of multinational giants like Ford and General Motors. This allows MNC’s to play a crucial role to shape national and economic policies to their benefits. This is not acceptable as MNC’s induce competition among the existing firms and it encourages free enterprise through technology transfers. They work to equalize the cost of factors of production around the world. Â  When the MNC’s enter the host country, the local enterprises imitate the new technology brought by the MNC’s to improve their production efficiency; this is the direct technology spillover effect. The market competition pressure force the local firms to adopt more advanced technologies, which push the technological progress. In some cases, countries rely on MNC’s for most of their projects. In this case, MNC’s will be a great boon to the Public Sector too. In the case of employee’s salaries, the private sector pays more compared to the public sector and the work practices in private sector are more innovative compared to the routine based work in most of the public sectors. In these ways, MNC’s enrich Private sector as entry barriers are minimal here and starve the public sector due to high political pressures. MNC’s are characterized by high levels of spending and mostly they are inefficient compare to the management of a small firm where each activity is accountable to the core and efficient methods are followed. MNC’s

4 Ways to Sustain Tourism Industry Essay Example for Free

4 Ways to Sustain Tourism Industry Essay Sustainable destinations have achieved balance. They have balanced the long-term economic needs of residents with the short and medium term needs of businesses. They have done this by creating a diverse and value-laden tourism product that attracts a mix of domestic and international guests, many of whom are repeat visitors and have made a personal financial commitment to the destination. Sustainable destinations are managed by well-trained and committed staff. They have an up-to-date tourism plan which focuses on sustainable tourism. They have the personnel, resources, and political commitment to implement and monitor the plan. Achievements are tracked and made public. Tourists are consulted and their opinions are considered in plans. Safety is taken seriously and plans and policies exist for crisis, security, fire, health and safety. See more: Defining research problem and setting objectives Essay Sustainable destinations reinvest the profits from their tourism activities in environmental conservation and historic restoration and preservation. They demonstrate a thriving culture, strong social networks and increasing biodiversity. They show effective planning, substantial land and marine protection, increased energy and water conservation, and a reduction in solid waste per guest over time. They have an effective recycling and wastewater sanitation program that is carefully managed. They have taken steps to reduce the carbon footprint of their activities. Sustainable destinations are internationally recognized, valued by tourists for their environmental quality, and receive increasing value from tourist stays. Assessment We start by working together to establish a long-term view of the destination landscape, identifying sustainability risks and strategic growth opportunities. We facilitate discussions with stakeholders, while utilizing our innovative tools and expertise to develop a clear plan of action. Planning As we design and implement initiatives, we’ll prioritize critical impacts, build local capacity and set achievable benchmarks. Over time, we’ll help you implement these programs, track their progress, and monitor your results. Standards and Monitoring Sustainable tourism standards are the genesis of quality tourism planning. Our place-based solutions focus on the needs of the destination, while assuring that local tourism businesses meet third-party verified levels of quality and sustainability.

Language and Identity Essay Example for Free

Language and Identity Essay Who am I? What is it that defines that personality? Anzaldua argues in her essay that the language is what defines one’s identity. Language is indeed an important component of culture, and culture is known to be a crucial definer of identity. People use language to connect to their identities and communicating their realities and values to themselves and to the world around them†¦ In other words, language is important because people use it to express their thoughts and beliefs. â€Å"People evolve a language in order to describe and thus control their circumstances† (Baldwin 109). Consequently, language does not necessarily define identity as much as identity defines language. People decide on what language to use in order to communicate with their communities according to their identities. One’s identity defines and regulates the use of language and not the contrary. People speak different languages; this difference is used to identify and distinguish between different people, different ethnicities and races. The human need to belong to a group makes them abide to a specific language and dialect that represents their specific community and differentiate it from the rest. Language is what connects people to their communities; they are directly connected to people who speak the same language as them. Anzaldua argues that â€Å"Ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic, I am my language† (Anzaldua 136), which strongly supports the fact that language is used to ensure that people belong to group. Talking the same language and using the same expressions defines to which group people belong to, it also evaluates the truthfulness of the affiliation. â€Å"Until I can take pride in my language, I cannot take pride in myself†, which basically states that language shapes one’s identity. This statement however, does not apply to all situations and communities and is certainly not constant. There are people who cannot identify to a specific group but rather to a variety of communal affiliations. Most people speak multiple languages; each language connects them to a specific culture and group of people. Tan clearly mentions in her story that she had to speak two different languages to her Asian mom who had her own made up English. Tan relates to both her Asian descent and American belongings by using her mom’s made up English to speak with her mom, and uses the proper English to give lectures and speak to most Americans. On the same grounds, Anzaldua learned through her life experiences to frequently use multiple types of English, and many other Dialects of proper Spanish and Mexican Spanish. She uses each language to communicate, connect and affiliate to specific people according to their background. This proves that the assumption that language defines culture and identity fails. What happens to the people who speak many languages, do they not get the benefit and pride of belonging to a certain community? Rather the contrary, they belong to multiple communities and they choose which group they want to communicate with and with which language. People have the ability to switch from a language to another to be part of a group and this supports the idea that identity defines and shapes language, and not the opposite. Language is used as a way to identify with people, but it is also used to distinguish between them. People use language to differentiate between people and associate them to a specific culture and community according to the language they speak. America is known for having a diverse population, and people are identified based on their language; Mexicans can be recognized to be Mexicans because of their accents even though they might be Caucasian. Tan argues that her mom spoke broken English that limited the people’s perception of her capacities. â€Å"People in department stores, banks, restaurants, did not take her seriously† (Tan 144)which strictly proves that people who do speak the proper language of the specific group they happen to be in generates a different treatment than that a true English speaker. Baldwin denounces that black Americans are treated differently than white Americans because they speak English with a different accent. When speaking â€Å"Black English, you have confessed your parents, your youth, your school, your salary, your self-esteem, and, alas, your future† (Baldwin 110) according to Baldwin. People associate language with background which then leads to choose to treat that specific person a talk to him a way they associate with the people who speak that exact same language. In this case, for the minority, it is language that assumes their behavior, but for the other dominant group, it is identity that shapes behavior. It is their identity that tells them that a specific language must be allocated with that specific type of person and then treat them in the way it is conventions set. People speak a specific language because it is in their identity to do so, and they choose to treat people differently according to language. This allows me to conclude that identity defines language, and language triggers behavior. Language is a major crucial component of our everyday life; it is used to differentiate between different categories of people, connect with one each group, and then choose how they will address those people. People argue that it is language that defines which type of person you are and shapes your identity. The arguments and the authors I quoted obviously proved the contrary, and stated that it is one’s identity that sets up and decides on the language used. References: Anzaldua, Gloria.  «How to Tame a Wild Tongue. » Nancy R Comley, David Hamilton, Carl H Klaus, Robert Scholes, Nancy Sommers, Jason T ougaw. Fields of Reading. New york : Bedford/ St. Martins , 2010. 131-141. Baldwin, James.  «If black english Isnt a language, Then Tell Me, What is. » Nancy R Comley, David Hamilton, Carl H Klaus, Robert Scholes, Nancy Sommers, Jason Tougaw. Fields of Reading. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 109-113. Tan, Amy.  «Mother Tongue. » Nancy R Comley, David Hamilton, Carl H Klaus, Robert Scholes, Nancy Sommers, Jason Tougaw. Fields of Reading. New York : Bedford/St. Matins, 2010. 142-147.

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties All-carbon materials have received lots of attention in the past. Carbyne, a new allotrope of carbon, is still in controversy towards its synthesis and property. Combining with the Goroff group’s research, this project is to prepare the polymer PIDA (polydiiododiacetylene) as a polyrotaxane complex, encapsulated in a column of macrocyclic hosts. The polyrotaxane structure will prevent aggregation of the PIDA strands, allowing for the complete dehalogenation of the polymer to make carbyne. The proposed route is shown in Scheme 1.1. PIDA, a precursor of carbyne, can be made from diiodobutadiyne and macrocyclic hosts via topochemical polymerization and host-guest strategy, in which macrocyclic host will self-assemble into column structure and diiodobutadiyne will form halogen bonds with host. All-carbon materials have been widely investigated because of their potential properties, such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and hardness. They exist in different morphologies with various properties, such as diamond, graphite, carbon nanotube, graphere, fullerene and carbyne . Diamond, consisting of all sp3 hybridized carbons, has many unusual properties, such as extreme hardness, high optical transmittance and wide band gap and so on.1 Because of these potential properties, the synthesis of diamond is of great interest. It can be synthesized through chemical vapor deposition, including hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD); high frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD); and DC plasma discharge.1b Graphite is made of sp2 hybridized carbon. It has a layered honeycomb structure and behaves as a good conductor.2 Fullerenes exist in different sizes, such as C60, C70 and C82. The C60 fullerene was first reported by Kroto and coworkers.3 It is an all-carbon polyhedral cage molecule with each atom sp2 hybridized and directly bonded to three neighbors. All valences of carbon atom in the molecule are satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond. Graphene is single atom thick layer of graphite, which can be used in composite material , electric battery and hydrogen storage.4 Carbon nanotubes usually have cylindrical nanostructure and made of different length-to-diameter ratio. Because of its special electrical, electrochemical and optical properties, carbon nanotubes were widely investigated in electronics, biological and energy application.5 Carbyne, having all-sp-hybridized carbon, is highly reactive. Carbyne, an sp hybridized all-carbon chain, is a new allotrope of carbon and has potential special properties as all carbon material, which has attracted considerable interest since discovery back in 1960. Because of its instability, it is less well known than the other carbon allotropes. The investigation of carbyne or carbyne-like structures is still underway while the results are often unclear. Researchers have tried to synthesize carbyne or carbyne-like materials in several ways, such as chemical dehydrohalogenation and electrochemical synthesis. Evsyukov et al.6 studied dehydrohalogenation of poly (ethylene-alt-chlorotrifluoroethylene)(PE-a-CTFE)to make carbyne. PE-a-CTFE was treated with potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran to form a halogen-substituted polyenyne structure with randomly distributed isolated triple bonds. Theoretically, the synthesis was showed below. Elimination of hydrogen halides was incomplete, which could result from the insufficient strength of the base, sterical hindrances caused by its bulkiness and alternation defects in the original copolymer. Wang and coworkers7 claimed to form carbyne-like material via electrochemical method. 1, 1, 2-trichloroethylene was dehydrochlorinated with t-buthanolate, which was formed from t-butylalcohol on a Ni cathode in dimethylsulfoxide electrolyte solution under anaerobic conditions. However, this method was not effective because of reactive carbon, oxidation with O2 and cross-linking of polyyne-like chains. In above reports, no evidence of formation of carbyne is observed and the properties of carbyne remain unrealized. Recently, polyynes, analogues of carbyne, have been widely investigated to predict the properties of carbyne. Polyynes are one-dimensional chains with alternating single and triple bonds. The synthesis of long polyynes chains was first reported by Walton and coworkers.8 They used Cu-catalyzed oxidative Hay coupling techniques to synthesize triethylsilyl-capped polyynes. Tykwinski and coworkers also synthesized several polyynes with a variety of end groups, in which bulky end groups would increase the stability and solubility of polyynes. In 2010, Tykwinski reported the synthesis of polyynes with as manys as 44 sp-carbons.9 They used bulky tris(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)methyl (Tr) as end groups and stabilize the chain. The synthesis method is shown in Scheme 1.4. When the polyynes become larger and larger, the effect on stability of end groups becomes insufficient. In order to overcome this issue, some researchers encapsulated polyynes into macrocycles to form rotaxanes or polyrotaxanes. Sugiyama and coworkers10 prepared pseudo-rotaxanes and rotaxanes with cyclodextrin simultaneously to stabilize and to solubilize the carbyne chains. Tykwinski and coworkers11 synthesized polyyne rotaxanes with 4, 6 and 10 triple bonds in length through active copper-templated coupling. Inspired by these cases, I am trying to design a polyrotaxane, allowing for complete dehalogenation of PIDA to make carbyne. Polydiacetylenes (PDAs), conjugated polymers with alternating double and triple bonds in the backbone, are prepared via topochemical polymerization of aligned diynes. Generally, topochemical polymerizations occur in a condensed phase, in which the monomers are preorganized and the final structures of the product are determined by the preorganization. In 1969, the synthesis of PDA was first described by Wegner,12 introducing the 1, 4-polymization of monomers. In addition, Baughman demonstrated how 1, 4-polymerization of diynes works and reported necessary parameters for the 1, 4-polymerization.13 The monomers are held in alignment. The distance between adjacent monomers is near 5 Ã…. The intermolecular distance of reacting carbons (C4 and C1’) is close to 3.5 Ã…, which is close to the van der Waals radius of carbon. The tilt angle between monomer diyne and the vertical translation axis should be 45 °. Ideal 1, 4-polymerization of diynes is showed below. Host-guest strategy is used to describe how monomers are aligned for polymerization. Different molecules or ions are held together by some forces to form complexes. In order for topochemical polymerization, monomers should be aligned to meet the geometric requirements. However, some monomers cannot form the right geometry required to polymerize. Host-guest strategy is applied to adjust the monomers to meet the requirements reported by Baughman. Here, hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding work in 1, 4-polymerization through host-guest strategy. Recently, Fowler and Lauher developed different kinds of diyne monomers to undergo 1, 4-polymerization using the host-guest strategy. In this way, the diyne monomers played the role of guests, which then formed hydrogen bonds with host molecules. The host molecules possessing oxalamides and ureas self-assembled into a structure via hydrogen bonding. Because of hydrogen bonding interactions, the diyne monomers were aligned in proper geometry for 1, 4-polymerization. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for one diyne.14 In the cocrystals, the oxalamide host molecule was organized through hydrogen bond with a repeat distance of 4.97 Ã…. The nicotinyl ester groups of the diyne guest monomers form strong pyridine-carboxylic acid hydrogen bonds to the host molecules. In addition to Fowler and Lauher’ work, the Goroff group also showed halogen bonding interaction could be applied for 1, 4-polymerization with the host-guest strategy. sp2 and sp hybridized carbon is more electronegative than iodine. Iodoalkynes behaves as Lewis acids and form halogen bonds with Lewis bases, such as pyridine and nitriles. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for diiodobutadiyne (figure 1.3).15 In this case, diiodobutadiyne played the role of guest. The hosts with oxalamide group were also organized through hydrogen bonds and designed to align diiodobutadiyne in the right geometry for 1, 4-topochemcal polymerization. The repeat distance of diyne monomers was 5.11 Ã…. The tilt angle was 51 °. Halogen bonds (XBs) is a non-covalent interaction which consists of halogen atom and other neutral atom or anions. The general structure of halogen bonds is showed in Figure 1.4.16 In this structure, X is halogen atom, which accepts electron density. It can be Lewis acid and halogen bond donor. D is the one donate electron density, which behaves as Lewis base and halogen bond acceptor. Y is a carbon, nitrogen, or halogen atom. The investigation of XB has been continuing for near 200 years. In 1863, the first report on the ability of halogen atoms to form well-defined adducts with electron donor species was described by Frederick Guthrie.17 In his experiment, I2 was added to saturated ammonium salt (nitrate or carbonate) and a diiodine/ ammonia system NH3†¢I2 formed. After exposed to air, it decomposes spontaneously into ammonia and iodine, without permanent gas being evolved. After that, halogen bonds became widely investigated. H. A. Benesi and J. H. Hildebrand identified the iodine-benzene complexe through UV-vis spectra in 1948.18 In 1954, Hassel’s group used X-ray to show the structure of bromine 1, 4-dioxanate.19 The experiment showed there was a short intermolecular interaction between the oxygen atoms of dioxane and bromine atoms. The interaction was halogen bond. The distance of O−Br bond was just 2.71 Ã…, which indicated a strong interaction between the bromine and oxygen atom s. Pierangleo Metrangolo and Guiseppe Resnati, whose research focused on halogen bonds, summarized the characteristic of halogen bonds and their interaction.16, 20 Polarizability increases when you move down the periodic table from fluorine atom to the iodine atom. This makes Cl, Br and I have the positive potential charge, which is showed in Figure 1.5. When the halogen atom is attached to an electron-withdrawing group, the positively polarized area will increase. On the one hand, the halogen atom can be the acceptor of electron density. On the other hand, the positive charge locates at sphere’s end, which is surrounded by electron neutral ring and negative charge belt. Because of the special location of positive charge, the angle of covalent bond and noncovalent bond around halogen atom in D†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢X—Y is near 180 °. This is consistent with research results. Hongjian Jin et al.21 used diiodobutadiyne and bis(pyridyl)oxalamides to make cocrystal, whi ch was based on halogen bonds between pyridine group’s nitrogen and iodine. Polymerization of cocrystal was induced under 3.5 GPa pressure. Although the N†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢I—C angle changed after polymerization, both angles were still near 180 °. They were 169.7 ° and 161.4 °. Investigation of halogen bonds examples in the Cambridge Structure Database is also shown. Metrangolo and Resnati16, 20 showed that halogen bond was relative stronger than hydrogen bond. However, a halogen is larger and more polarizable than hydrogen and halogen bonds are more sensitive to steric hindrance than hydrogen bonds. Halogen atom, electron acceptor in XBs, has some general characteristics. Among the four halogen atoms, the order for forming strong halogen bonding is I >Br > Cl >F. The more electron withdrawing atom is, the stronger is the halogen bonds. As to halocarbons, the strength order for halogen bonding is C-X (sp)>C-X (sp2)> C-X (sp3). If the halocarbons are unfunctionalized monohaloalkanes, no halogen bonds are observed. Diiodobutadiyne, in which the C is sp hybridized, is a good Lewis acid.22 The Goroff group used diiodobutadiyne as a guest to make poly (diiododiacetylene) (PIDA) with several hosts. Self-assembly of macrocycles Supramolecular chemistry is a rapidly growing field, emphasizing on assembly of discrete molecules. Traditional chemistry deals with covalent interaction while supramolecular chemistry focuses more on noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding23, van der Waals forces24 and Ï€-Ï€ interactions25. Self-assembly, a main process involved in supramolecular chemistry, will take advantage of these noncovalent interactions to organize discrete molecules into high order structures. Macrocycles, which have cyclic structures with other functional groups, can be self-assembled in a specific manner to form high order structures. Here I will introduce the self-assembly of macrocycles through hydrogen bonding and Ï€-Ï€ interactions. Ï€-Ï€ interactions, well known noncovalent intermolecular interactions, play important roles in self-assembly of macrocycles. The arrangement of aromatic rings has following geometries, such as face-to-face, edge-to-face and slipped stack. Hill and coworkers26 synthesized amphiphilic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, self-assembling via Ï€-Ï€ stacking to form a discrete nanotubular object. The object has a uniform and 14-nanometer-wide hollow space. Lauher and coworkers27 also took advantage of Ï€-Ï€ stacking to design a tubular macrocyclic polymer. The monomer structure and route to a tubular polymer are shown in Figure 1.7. The diacetylene-based macrocycles self-assembled into polymerizable slipped Ï€-Ï€ stack and polymerized via slow annealing. The macrocycle had two different crystalline forms, which were monoclinic and triclinic form, respectively. After slow annealing at 40 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the triclinic forms appeared to undergo crystal-to-crystal polymeriz ation. Hydrogen bond is an attraction force involves a hydrogen and strong electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine. The electronegative atoms behave as hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen is hydrogen bond donor.28 Macrocyclic peptides and ureas can form high order tubular structures via hydrogen bonds. Ghadiri and coworkers29 used cyclo[-(L-Gln-D-Ala-L-Glu-D-Ala)2-] to self-assemble into hollow tubes via amide hydrogen bonds. Shimizu and coworkers30 also took advantage of amide hydrogen bond to organize diacetylene macrocycles for topochemical polymerization. In addition, Shimizu and coworkers used macrocyclic bis-ureas to self-assemble into columnar structures through urea hydrogen bonds. In the structure of macrocyclic bis-ureas, two hydrogen atoms in NH group are hydrogen bond donors and the carbonyl groups are hydrogen bond acceptors. The structures of the macrocyclic ureas are shown in figure 1.8. In 2001, they used bis-urea macrocycles with m-xylene to form the sel f-assembly tubular structures.31 The m-xylene kept the macrocycles rigid. However, this macrocycle formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Another bis-urea macrocycle with m-phenylether avoided forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds and organized into tubular structures with ordered acetic acid dimer filling inside as guest. The columns were stabilized by hydrogen bonding as well as Ï€-Ï€ staking interactions of phenylether. Except ureas, oxalamides are also used to form hydrogen bonding networks (figure 1.8). The repeat distances are 4.6 Ã… and 5.0 Ã…, respectively.33 Inspired by above work, we plan to design a macrocycle with pyridine, alkyne and oxalamide segments. Pyridine and alkyne segments provide beneficial rigidity, helping the macrocycles cocrystalize with diiodobutadiyne through halogen bonds. oxalamide segments are used for forming hydrogen bonding networks.

Wallis Simpson Essay -- essays research papers fc

American socialite Wallis Simpson, the woman for whom Edward VIII gave up the throne in 1936, is variously portrayed as a greedy snob, a sexual predator or part of the romance of the century. A complex figure emerges: a strong-willed woman, hungry for independence, but caught up in a situation she could not control. Mrs. Wallis Simpson has become an emotional figure in history. Along with this, many descriptions of her personality and motives for being with Edward have caused some extremely negative descriptions; the nicer ones range from witch to seductress. So who really was Mrs. Wallis Simpson? Bessie Wallis Warfield, named after her aunt and her father, as she was born in Baltimore, Maryland, was something of a misfit from the start. Her arrival in June 19,1896 came just seven months after the marriage of her parents, causing some embarrassment to Warfield relatives for whom moral propriety was essential as the elite of Baltimore society. Bessie's father died when she was five months old and throughout her formative years, she and her mother had to rely on irregular handouts from a wealthy relative. Because her father left them with no money so they relied charity from her mother’s husband’s late brother. As Wallis grew into a young woman, she was not necessarily considered pretty. Yet Wallis had a sense of style and poses that made her distinguished and attractive. She had radiant eyes, good complexion and fine, smooth black hair, which she kept parted down the middle for most of her life. Bessie discarded her first name - because "so many cows are called Bessie" - and learned how to flirt. But she was still shut out of the world she regarded as her birthright. Soon after the humiliation of "coming out" without the usual debutante's celebration ball, she grasped the first means of escape from Baltimore by becoming engaged. On November 8 1916 she was married to her first husband, at the age of 20 was to a Navy pilot Earl Winfield Spencer. The marriage was reasonably good until the end of World War I when many ex-soldiers became bitter at the inconclusiveness of the war and the difficulty in adapting back to civilian life. After the Armistice, Win began to drink heavily and also became abusive. Wallis eventually left Win and lived six years by herself in Washington. Win and Wallis weren't yet divorced a... ...buried alongside Edward in the royal burial ground at Windsor. Bibliography 1.Agate, James. Ego 8: Continuing the Autobiography of†¦ London, 1948. Illusts. 8vo. or.cl. (272pp). 2. Bloch, Michael. The Duke of Windsor's War. London, 1982. Illusts. Royal 8vo. or.cl. (398pp). 3. Bloch, Michael (ed). Wallis & Edward: Letters 1931-1937. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986. 4. Broad, Lewis. Queens, Crowns and Coronations. London, 1952. Illusts. 8vo. or.cl. (184pp). 5. Bryan, J.B. and, C.J.V. Murphy. The Windsor Story. London, 1979. Illusts. 8vo. or.cl. (640pp). 6. Buchan, John. Memory Hold the Door. London, 1940. Illusts. 8vo. or.cl. (328pp). 7. King, Greg; The Duchess of Windsor: The Uncommon Life of Wallis Simpson; Kensington Pub Corp: April 2003 8. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright  © 2003 Columbia University Press. 9. Encyclopedia, â€Å"Love Stories of the Century†, Jan. 16, ‘04; www.encyclopedia.com 10. The History Channel, Search; Jan. 16, ‘04, www.historychannel.com 11. Warwick, Christopher. Abdication. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986. 12. Ziegler, Paul, King Edward VIII: The Official Biography (London: Collins. 1990) 224.

Philosophy is Important Essay -- essays research papers

Philosophy is Important Philosophy is an important subject, because it helps us understand three big questions; â€Å"why are we here†, â€Å"what do we do†, and â€Å"how do we treat each other†. These are important questions to answer because without them we may end up in a situation much like the Taliban is in right now. Complete chaos created from confusion about those three big questions. These questions are left in a general sense because there are many different ways to look at them. After all we have many different people with many different ideas and so to come to a more concise understanding of such important topics we need everyone’s viewpoint. This is the purpose of something philosophers call â€Å"The great conversation†. For example: Think back to the attack on the US of September 11th. These attacks were caused for a variety of reasons, one of which being that the Taliban believed they had the answer as to the correct way to run a society. Therefore â€Å" The Great Conversation† was stopped. After all if I am the Taliban and I believe I have the answer as to how to run a society because I feel I have answered the three big questions, then why keep discussing? Why include anyone else’s opinions and beliefs? Because if you don’t then things could become violent, just as they did in Afghanistan. So you say you don’t want to be like Afghanistan? Well good! So then how do you determine the answer to those three big questions, and what if there is more than one answer? That’s the purpose of philosophy and more specifically â€Å"The Great Conversation†, to come up with the best possible answer to all questions that may arise without eliminating the possibility that a better answer may exist. Take â€Å"Plato’s Cave† for example: People sit in a cave looking at shadows cast on a wall, from the light of a fire behind them. They have been chained to the floor for centuries. They are fed, clothed, and generally stimulated by the shadows, which are those of puppets on a bridge behind them. The people believe the shadows are real. But ponder just for a second; what if you were one of those people? What if you were released from your shackles and allowed to move about the cave freely. How would you explain to the others that the shadows they are seeing are not real people, but actual shadows made by the puppets on the bridge behind them? Would they believe you? Now switch roles. What if... ...t is true?† Once again we deal with two opposite ends of a debate spectrum. We focus on a few things here. One of which is where does knowledge come from? Those who believe that the exercise of reason, rather than experience, authority, or spiritual revelation, provides the primary basis for knowledge are called Rationalists. Basically they believe people have revelations, and are born with knowledge (innate.) On the opposite, those who believe that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge are known as Empiricists. Reason versus experience, you decide for yourself. For our last and final study we explore Ontology; the nature of being. Is it human nature to fill your space with material goods? Do they bring you happiness? Is that happiness true happiness? If you answered â€Å"yes† to any of those questions you may be a â€Å"Materialist† while if you answered â€Å"no† to any of those questions, there is a chance you may be an â€Å"Idealist†; someone who believes that the use of ideas, thinking, questioning, and active mental stimulation are far more valuable in terms of achieving happiness than the passive, vegetable style consumption of goods that plagues many of us. Philosophy is Important Essay -- essays research papers Philosophy is Important Philosophy is an important subject, because it helps us understand three big questions; â€Å"why are we here†, â€Å"what do we do†, and â€Å"how do we treat each other†. These are important questions to answer because without them we may end up in a situation much like the Taliban is in right now. Complete chaos created from confusion about those three big questions. These questions are left in a general sense because there are many different ways to look at them. After all we have many different people with many different ideas and so to come to a more concise understanding of such important topics we need everyone’s viewpoint. This is the purpose of something philosophers call â€Å"The great conversation†. For example: Think back to the attack on the US of September 11th. These attacks were caused for a variety of reasons, one of which being that the Taliban believed they had the answer as to the correct way to run a society. Therefore â€Å" The Great Conversation† was stopped. After all if I am the Taliban and I believe I have the answer as to how to run a society because I feel I have answered the three big questions, then why keep discussing? Why include anyone else’s opinions and beliefs? Because if you don’t then things could become violent, just as they did in Afghanistan. So you say you don’t want to be like Afghanistan? Well good! So then how do you determine the answer to those three big questions, and what if there is more than one answer? That’s the purpose of philosophy and more specifically â€Å"The Great Conversation†, to come up with the best possible answer to all questions that may arise without eliminating the possibility that a better answer may exist. Take â€Å"Plato’s Cave† for example: People sit in a cave looking at shadows cast on a wall, from the light of a fire behind them. They have been chained to the floor for centuries. They are fed, clothed, and generally stimulated by the shadows, which are those of puppets on a bridge behind them. The people believe the shadows are real. But ponder just for a second; what if you were one of those people? What if you were released from your shackles and allowed to move about the cave freely. How would you explain to the others that the shadows they are seeing are not real people, but actual shadows made by the puppets on the bridge behind them? Would they believe you? Now switch roles. What if... ...t is true?† Once again we deal with two opposite ends of a debate spectrum. We focus on a few things here. One of which is where does knowledge come from? Those who believe that the exercise of reason, rather than experience, authority, or spiritual revelation, provides the primary basis for knowledge are called Rationalists. Basically they believe people have revelations, and are born with knowledge (innate.) On the opposite, those who believe that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge are known as Empiricists. Reason versus experience, you decide for yourself. For our last and final study we explore Ontology; the nature of being. Is it human nature to fill your space with material goods? Do they bring you happiness? Is that happiness true happiness? If you answered â€Å"yes† to any of those questions you may be a â€Å"Materialist† while if you answered â€Å"no† to any of those questions, there is a chance you may be an â€Å"Idealist†; someone who believes that the use of ideas, thinking, questioning, and active mental stimulation are far more valuable in terms of achieving happiness than the passive, vegetable style consumption of goods that plagues many of us.

Professional Marketing Report on Armani

A target market has also been chosen and studied and has appealed to the female racket. Market segmentation is also taken into consideration with the introduction of a new product as it identifies target markets by groups, which are identified by similar and distinguishable aspects while using the different segmentation groups. The report focuses on a ‘personal' profile of an individual from the target audience as well as using a score card approach along with perceptual mapping, which Indicates what the strengths and weaknesses of the fragrance may be.The fourth section of the report focuses on the product Itself as well as the different levels that are Involved In guaranteeing that the product Includes all complexities that encourage consumers to purchase the fragrance. The core, embodied and augmented levels of a product all have their own significant roles in the creation of a well-known brand. Giorgio Airman have considered whether keeping their obvious attributes or not f or the packaging and the branding of their new fragrance would confuse consumers of this well-known brand.However the new fragrance may have a different look to it, but still has the Giorgio Airman logo to reassure loyal customers of the brand's integrity. The fragrance will be classified as a premium fragrance, however Giorgio Airman have set their prices so that consumers that earn a medium income can also afford to purchase the new fragrance. This allows consumers with a medium to high Income to afford the product depending on the size bottle they wish to purchase. Promotion of the fragrance Is needed and the use of the pull and push strategy Is used to convince the target audience to purchase the product.Promotional material such as billboards, advertisements on the television, ‘pop-up' advertisements on the internet and advertisements in fashion magazines will be used to ensure publicity of the product and the report states how this will be achieved. Lastly, the distribut ion strategy is taken into consideration that involves the consistency of those of the competing suppliers. The places of distribution that Giorgio Airman will be introducing its new fragrance to will be discussed as well as the reasons behind the choice they have made to target certain wholesalers.

Positive Leadership Essay

Positive leadership refers to the application of positive principles and positive change. It helps leaders to become more effective in their jobs. Applying principles of positive leadership leads to extraordinary performance. Positive leadership has three connotations: 1)It refers to the facilitation of extraordinarily positive performance – that is, positively deviant performance. Outcomes that exceed common or expected performance. 2)Affirmative bias – or a focus on strengths and capabilities and on affirming human potential. It emphasizes positive communication, optimism, and strengths as well as the value and opportunity embedded in problems and weaknesses. 3)Facilitating the best on the human condition, or on fostering virtuousness. An easy way to identify positive leadership is to notice positive deviance. Many positive outcomes are stimulated by trials and difficulties; for example, demonstrated courage, resilience, forgiveness and compassion are relevant only in the context of negative occurrences. â€Å"Bad is stronger than good†. Human being react more strongly to negative phenomena than to positive phenomena. Both conducive and challenging conditions may lead to positive deviance. The few organizations that perform in extraordinary ways, which are the exception, not the rule, are positively deviant. In this case, positive deviance implies more than earning more revenue than the industry average. It involves thriving, flourishing, even virtuous performance, or achieving the best of the human condition. There are 4 strategies to achieve a positive deviance. they are among the most important enablers of positively deviant performance) 1)Positive climate (foster: compassion, forgiveness and gratitude)

Performance appraisal Essay

Performance appraisal has been one of the most-debated management practices for several decades. It has generated a wide variety of viewpoints. There are those who see performance appraisal as making an important contribution to human resource management, in that organizations require systematic information on how well employees are performing in their jobs as a key element in ensuring that human resources are used as effectively as possible. Employees at all levels experience a need to know clearly what they should be doing and what is expected of them in terms of quantity and quality of output. In addition most people want to be in a position where they can perform better next time around. A number of writers, especially during the 1970s, expressed pessimistic views about the future of performance appraisal schemes, and the assumptions on which they are based. Some have tended to write off conventional versions of performance appraisal as backward, simplistic and even counterproductive, arguing that conventional appraisal processes often lead both the manager and employee to approach the performance review with dysfunctional role stereotypes. The employee expects to hear what is wrong with his or her performance, while the manger expects to have to well the evaluation to a reluctant and possibly hostile member of staff. (Gordon Anderson 1996) In this case study, it present the issues that caused Xerox Company emerged as a result of their research. In a word, it is all about change. It is talking about the linked issues of visibility and growth, and the compelling need for a process or model to deal with the problems of increasing effectiveness in the midst of all the change. I discuss changing attitudes and HRD political relevance, and present evidence of concern for HRD effectiveness. In Xerox appraisal new system they use â€Å"Mulit-appraisal† which is 360-degree Appraisal. The limitations of conventional performance appraisal in placing considerable, and sometimes total, emphasis on the judgment of the employee’s manager have been identified and discussed by a number of  writers. A pioneering study carried out a number of years ago in Gulf Oil, and described by Stinson and Stokes (1980), highlights an alternative, multi-rater method, which overcomes a number of the deficiencies of conventional, manager-orientated appraisal. Probably the most significant development likely to influence the nature of performance appraisal in the future is the shift away from conventional appraisals undertaken typically by line managers towards the concept of 360-degree appraisal. The concept builds on multi-appraisal and refers to a situation where appraisal data is collected † all around† an employee, from his or her manager, subordinates, peers and c ustomers, internal and external. A number of factors are encouraging organizations to introduce, or to seriously consider the introduction of, 360-degree appraisal. These include: ØFlatter, less hierarchical, more flexible, team-based organization structures; ØAwareness of the limited perspective of managers; ØRecognition of the value of contributions from other sources; ØThe advantage of a range of perspectives, given the increasingly complex roles many people play in organization. In research identified the need for building and maintaining close relationships with line and staff management as essential for a successful HRD organization. It is really depend on the organization and communication processes. A wide range of methods and criteria for appraising performance is used by organizations. The various ways of measuring performance stem directly form the different components of performance. We can see in the new system of Xerox, they are: Simple ranking, using this system the appraiser is called upon to make a judgment about the general level of the performance of each employee. Based on the appraiser ranks each employee from best to worst. Alternate ranking, this process involves a number of stages. While this approach may have some advantages in determining the ratings, it suffers from the same defects as the simple ranking approach. The HRD Function In effective HRD functions, staff development is built in to the annual operating plan as a requirement. It is not only supported by management, but also seen as essential to the continued effective operation of the HRD function, and adequate funding supports it. Another one is Feedback, It tells employees, â€Å"How am I doing?† and â€Å"Where do I go from here?† How would you like to be a member of a bowling team and go bowling every week, but only get your scores once a year? Coaching is the day-to-day effort to review work, answer questions, discuss progress (or lack of it) toward meeting standards, develop skills, and provide positive guidance. Is the supervisor the only person who can provide coaching to an employee? Coworkers, other supervisors, and even customers can often be in a good position to compare the employee’s performance to established standards and then give helpful feedback. As the articles shown that the core of any organization is its staff. Without workers, who is going to do the job? How come the goal is going to achieve? How effectively an organization maintains a quality team of employees is linked to its ability to manage its staff and recognize the contributions of each player. Effective performance management systems enable an organization to objectively and systematically rate employee performance, while providing the tools necessary to take that performance level and equate it to compensation actions. Employees have always expressed the desire for open feedback regarding their performance. More and more companies are embracing the pay for performance concept and its tie to compensation. A well-executive performance management plan enables an organization to achieve critical goals: ØRecognize the efforts and contributions of current staff ØReward staff with compensation directly linked to performance ØMotivate staff to improve performance ØOrient staff towards goal achievement ØRetain key employees through the use of competitive compensation programs ØAttract quality employees with an effective performance management system A necessary condition for the effective management of performance appraisal systems in any organization is the need to clarify and communicate to all concerned the objectives which the system is intended to achieve. Typically, performance appraisal schemes are expected to serve multiple objectives. This can often be strength in that several purposes can be achieved, but I can also prove to be a disadvantage if it leads to a dissipation of effort and lack of focus. It is obviously of crucial importance, and everyone in an organization especially the key decision makers should be fully aware precisely what objectives the system of performance appraisal is expected to achieve, and the priorities within these objects. Performance appraisal should lead to the identification of the training and development needs of employees. Indeed, it can be argued that without an appraisal scheme, it would be only accidental if training and development efforts were aimed in the right direction (Anderson 1980). Performance appraisal, by providing feedback to employees on job performance, creates a basis for improvement and development. The developmental function of appraisal is concerned with improving the performance of people by identifying areas for improvement, setting performance targets for the future, and agreeing plans for follow up action. This aspect also involves developing the capacity of people through formulation plans to develop their skills and careers, and helping individuals to reconcile their job and career aspirations with opportunities available in the organization. Furthermore, there is certain amount of overlap between the evaluative and development functions, in that the evaluation of past performance will often be an important influence upon the setting of future targets. Brinkerhoff  and Kanter (1980) contend that this function is both backward looking in the sense of evaluating past performance so as to establish standards and forward looking in that the established standards serve as incentives for future performance improvement through generating peer competition and the desire to best one’s won past record. The argue further that an additional overlapping, but also overarching, purpose for performance appraisal is to ensure that managers are performing a critical management function. Managers should be paying careful attention to the assessment of the past performance of their staff against organizational requirements, and to the development of greater productivity of the human resources available. This function of performance of performance appraisal of encouraging careful and systematic approaches in assessing the performance of employees is of great importance for practicing managers, and they often recognize its value. The possible conflict between the evaluative and developmental dimensions has been much discussed in the appraisal literature. The central issue appears to be: can the manager, acting as appraiser, effectively be both judge and helper without experiencing role conflict? Since future decisions must be based, at least in part, on evaluations of previous behavior, it could be argued that this conflict is superficial rather than real, and that an effective manager should be about to cope effectively with both roles. When we looked further at the issue of growth. The Conference Board, in a study of trends in corporate education and training, found that the number of training professionals had increased in nearly two-thirds of the firms surveyed. The board cited the following as evidence of the enhanced role and status of HRD in many companies: ØManagement has become convinced that education drives the business. ØA stepchild until recently, the training function is now seen as essential to the company’s strategic goals. ØDeveloping our people is now the heart of our business strategy. ØTraining departments used to be wiped out by recessions, but few were in the recent one (Lusterman, 1985, p.2). Affecting the growth of HRD is the increase in the overall number of jobs and the shifts from sectors such as manufacturing to service organizations. Newly created jobs require new skills training and workers being displaced need retraining. In addition, more workers are coming to expect training as part of the normal job environment, and will demand it if they don’t see it. This is especially true in high technology, where employees want to stay on the leading edge-they can’t afford not to. The negative factors are: ØPossible distortion due to popularity factors influencing peers; ØPossible negative reactions towards those who irrespective of this performance, are seen as unorthodox, inclined to challenge existing practices, and therefore perceived as threatening; ØFriendship rating; ØDistortions due to fear of retaliation; ØReliance of peers on stereotypes in making evaluation. Despite the risks evident from the number of possible negative factors, peer review may well have an increasing role to play in performance appraisal systems of the future, especially in non-hierarchical, team-based organizational structures in which peers are willing to give objective evaluations of one another’s performance, and where peers interact sufficiently frequently to be able to develop an informed view of the performance of colleagues. Conclusion Appraisal of employees tasks place whether a formal appraisal system is in operation or not. In small companies, formal systems are probably unnecessary; in larger companies, a formal system goes some way towards ensuring that decisions based upon judgments of employee performance are fair and just. However, the mere installation of an appraisal scheme does not ensure that appraisals are well founded. There are a large number of human tendencies towards error that must be recognized by those conducting appraisal. This recognition and ways to overcome the problems are best achieved through training. The appraisal of performance is useless unless the results of the appraisal are translated into action. This is the purpose of the appraisal interview. It is a mechanism for feedback of information to employees, and an opportunity for employees and their superiors to sit down and plan remedial action. Appraisal interviews involving problem solving, counseling and joint objective setting are essential components of a successful appraisal scheme. REFERENCE French,W. Human Resources Management 4th Edition, Houghton Miffin co, Boston, 1998. Graham, H.T, Human Resources Management, recruitment and selection, Britain ,1983. Leslie W. Rue, Ph.D., Lioyd L. Byors, Ph.D, Management skills and Application recruitment and selection, Australia,1997. Pearson, R., The Human Resources , Managing people and work, Australia, 1990. Kramar, R, Mcgraw, P& Schuler, R. S., Human Resources Management in Australia. Longman. South Melbourne, 1997. Parry, K. W., Smith, D., Human Resources Management. USQ Press. Queensland, 1998. Dessler, Griffiths, Lloyd- Walker, Williams, Human Resources Management, Prentice Hall, Australia, 1999.

Latino Conflict Management

It cannot be argued that the Latinos/Hispanics are now making their presence felt in most facets of American society more specifically in the urban communities and the workplace. This group of people is of Latin American descent with inherent unique ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Due to this difference it is possible that conflicts may arise in their interaction with Americans and other races. In resolving conflicts with Latinos/Hispanics it is important to at first understand situations or behaviors that easily lead to conflicts with them and to know their attitude or personal concept regarding conflicts. In this way effective approaches or strategies   Ã‚  Ã‚  for the resolution of conflict may be undertaken. According to Gabrielidis and et al, â€Å"Some of the most severe problems in intercultural relations arise as a consequence of interpersonal conflicts† (1197, p. 661). The greatest difference in the attitudes between the Latinos/Hispanics with the Americans is that Latinos are   a people who give prime importance to family relationships before other   goals or ideas , obligation to in-groups( family, relatives or people of the same race or cultural and ethnic background)   and the surrendering of   personal interests and needs in favor for the   good of the group or community while the Americans ,on the other hand, adopted a culture of   individualism in which the interests, activities and goals of the individual are top priority. I do not infer here that the Americans do not value family relationships or disregard the interest of others but that it seems that the Latinos placed these issues in higher degree. In the Latino context the innate goodness or uniqueness of a person sometimes do not show itself in their actions or achievements so they emphasized the respect and protection of dignity of a person irregardless of social class while the Americans on the other hand believed that a person can be judged by his actions and achievements. Also while both groups had similar definitions of close friendship, Americans emphasized freedom in the expression of their ideas in the company of a friend and may incline give up the friendship if it stands in the way of   self-expression and the attainment of personal goals while the Latinos emphasized support and expression of feelings and make necessary adjustments in goals to keep the friendship. Understanding this difference will help me put the conflict in proper perspective. Through this I can analyze whether the source of conflict was that if I made a Latino feel that his family or race was unimportant or that I perceived him as a person of lower dignity or status when I attempted to judged him base on what he had accomplished in life or that I made him feel as if it was his fault that he had a low economic status.. Based on what I had researched and observed the Latinos mostly wants to connect with people and as much as possible maintain harmonious relationships with others. In most cases they tend to avoid conflict to the extent that they are non-confrontational. They worry more on â€Å"saving the face â€Å"of family and others so that most of the times they do not say directly what they mean, as a respeto (a Spanish term which means respect to the dignity of the person).This   attitude is very opposite to the frankness of   Americans   in their interaction with others. An example is this, instead of saying that the clothes I wore do not look good on me  Ã‚   they will say that my clothes was not exactly nice but that I still look good wearing it. In resolving conflicts with them it is necessary to adopt this kind of indirect communication or else I may aggravate the situation. For example when I differ with opinions with the Latinos and he seemed to insist that he is right, instead of saying that â€Å"I was not happy at all with his attitude† I may say instead that â€Å"I understand why he acted the way he did and that he meant well but that it is better to listen also to the opinion of others†. In the positive aspect, the idea that Latinos wants to maintain harmonious relationships with others means that they are less likely to initiate conflict and may be open for reconciliation whenever conflict arise. However, it must be remembered that Latino conflict resolution should be appropriate to the setting and must be able to maintain individual pride and honor (Markus & Lin, 1999). Also extra attention must be given to the tone of voice and proper eye contact. In resolving Latino/Hispanic conflicts, there are different styles to be use depending on the ethnic and cultural identity salience of the Latino.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ethnic identity† means that he give more importance to his ethnic origin while â€Å"cultural identity†   means â€Å" that he give more importance to the larger culture in whom he is   interacting with which in this   case is   the American culture.   Those with strong American cultural identity prefers integrating (high concern for self and high concern for other; also called â€Å"collaborating†) and   compromising (moderate concern for self and moderate concern for other)   and uses emotionally expressive styles more   Ã‚  as compared to those   with weak cultural identity. Also those with a strong ethnic identity use integrating and accommodating (low concern for self and high concern for other; also called â€Å"obliging) more and third party less than those with weak ethnic identity in conflict styles (Cai & Fink, 2002).   Latinos, on the other hand, with weak cultural identity used avoiding (low concern for self and low concern for other; also called â€Å"withdrawing†) more than other ethnic groups   irregardless of cultural orientation   perhaps due to the Latino value of respeto and wanting to maintain respect, dignity and harmony   in social situations (Ting-Toomey et al., 2000). Armed with all this knowledge, I am hoping that I will be better equip in handling Latino conflict in the future. REFERENCE Cai, D.A., & Fink, E.L. (2002) Gabrielidis, C., Stephan, W.G., Ybarra, O., Dos Santos Pearson, V.M., & Villareal, L. (1997). Preferred styles of conflict resolution: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology,28, 661. Markus, H.R., & Lin, L.R. (1999). Conflict ways: Cultural Diversity in the Meanings and Practicesof Conflict. In D.A. Prentice & D.T. Miller (Eds.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 302-333). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Ting-Toomey, S., Yee-Jung, K.K., Shapiro, R.B., Garcia, W., Wright, T.J., & Oetzel, J.G. (2000) Ethnic/cultural identity salience and conflict styles in four U.S. ethnic groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 47-81.            

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Modern Native American life has changed drastically from that of what it used to be. One can only imagine how incredibly hard life would have been in the late 1800s without the help of modern technology. In James Welch's book, Fool's Crow, one not only learns what the Western United States was like in the late 1800s, but can also grasp the ways of early Native Americans. Fools Crow, the main character in the book, portrays exactly what the average Indian boy of his day was like. He had strong family values, faithful religious beliefs, and knew his direction in life. Unfortunately this is not so true for most Native Americans of today. Many current Indians are suffering from poor family structure, lack of education, and loss of religious beliefs. Family structure was one of the most important aspects of life for Native Americans of the 1800s. Back then there was almost no difference between an Indian man or woman's fifth cousins and his or hers sister. Both were treated the same, and both were respected immensely. But now the family structure of Native Americans has diminished. The communication between the majority of parents to children is very slim, if any, and many young Native Americans don't even have contact with there grandparents and other extended family. In Fools Crow's generation it was very common to often have ceremonies where all members of a family were expected to attend, whether they were a grandparent or a brother. This failure of family structure in modern Indians has caused many individuals to lack security and subsidity. Education is a problem among Native Americans as well. It used to be that when a young Native American turned a certain age it was his or her duty to learn the ways of survival. For boys it was hunting and learning to provide for his future family. For the women it was learning various duties such as cooking, tanning hides, and caring for the children. Indians used to educate themselves in order to survive as a team. Each person learned to do his or her specific duty in order to prosper individually, and as a tribe or band. But now education is substantially different. It still focuses on the essentials for survival and the need for one to prosper as an individual, but it lacks what white people are learning. Teachers on reservations are often the product of poor education themselves, and have nothing to offer young Native Americans. One of the most prominent problems, however, is that reservations can't afford to hire quality teachers to educate their children. Thus, there continues to be uneducated Native Americans, which, in turn, causes this misfortunate cataclysm to continue. Another, and most important, aspect for a specific group of people to thrive, is religion. Ever since the first civilized human lived, there was religion. For most people, religion is the glue that holds their life together. It helps to provide purpose and meaning to all life. Native Americans of the 1800s, and before then, held very strongly to their beliefs. Religion was in everything they did. Whether it was planting crops or going on a big hunt, religion was the key to it. But now the Native American's religious beliefs have faded dramatically. Most of today's Indian youths no longer believe or practice the religion of their ancestors. Without religion, modern Native Americans find themselves insecure in what their purpose in life is and they often lack moral responsibility as well. The key to possibly fixing this problem is to educate young Native Americans about what their people used to believe in, and what role it played back then. With some good leadership skills and a lot of enlightening, maybe the old Indian religion will be fully restored to what it once was. In conclusion, Native American culture is rapidly being destroyed. Modern Native Americans have lost what it takes to keep a culture alive; religion, structure, and education. If Native Americans are once again going to flourish as a ethnic society, people need to do whatever they can to help build back the essential parts of Native American life.

International Justice And The International Criminal Court Between Essay

International Justice And The International Criminal Court Between Sovereignty And The Rule Of Law - Essay Example He has addressed in International Law at Columbia University, in addition to at King's College London, since then he holds a Ph.D. He discovers resolutions to most important exceptional troubles of international law (universal jurisdiction, bureaucrat immunities, the association of the ICC to national courts, the function of the United States). This book assess the quick current expansion of international illegal law, and discovers explanations to chief harms of bureaucrat invulnerability, worldwide jurisdiction, the International Criminal Court, and the attitude of the United States, looking for to elucidate how impartiality can be done most excellent n a classification of sovereign States. At the same time as neither the ending of the Cold War nor the 'refusal of sovereignty' in themselves make dependable justice more probable, the ICC might give confidence a civilization of answerability that will hold up additional customary enforcement of international criminal law in the long-standing. This book critically defines the consequences of the Cold War, governments and human rights groups pressed for the formation of international legal systems to grasp persons accountable for war crimes, crimes against humankind, and genocide. The Yugoslav and Rwandan courts set significant models, and the 1998 acceptance of the Rome decree of the International Criminal Court offered latest institutional machines. In this helpful review of the emergent field of global criminal law, Broomhall positions these progressions in a wider situation. What is distinguishing about Nuremberg-enthused international criminal law is that it chairs liability on persons relatively than states and relies on such worldwide customs as "international harmony and defense" and "the communal ethics of mankind." These customs of justice, nevertheless, have heightened much more rapidly than have enforcement systems, which stay decisively in the hands of independent states, and in that laid the massage. Broomhal l however disagrees that globalization and the expansion of international civil culture have shaped a novel "legitimation atmosphere," in which governments are beneath greater than before stress to validate their results and tolerate by global customs of liability. This book by Broomhall clearly states pressures between liability and the law of the international globe and the continuing authority of state dominion. The worries inside and boundaries of a range of advancements to

Paths out of homelessness in chicago Research Proposal

Paths out of homelessness in chicago - Research Proposal Example However, there are several issues that shall be faced while reaching to the desired state and respective goals and objectives must be attained in order to tackle these issues effectively. Chicago needs a steadfast plan of action to eliminate homelessness to minimum acceptable levels, deciding on objectives to be achieved, steps to be taken, who shall take the initiative and what population must be targeted in priority. Chicago’s environment Internal Causes Internal Effects External Causes External Effects Severe levels of addiction to alcohol and drugs Affected mental stability and health of the homeless Fall in individuals’ income levels and unemployment in Chicago Homelessness consumes national funding and increases residents’ taxes Social and sexual abuse for children and lack of parental guidance Behavioral problems especially in children Adverse local housing market conditions making it unaffordable for Chicago masses Homeless people engage in criminal activ ities thereby harming others Family frictions eventually causing parents to turn children out of home Loss of community connectedness and social life Racial, status, social and other demographic differences between Chicago residents Cleanliness cannot be ensured causing health and hygiene related issues in Chicago (Fertig and Reingold, 2007) SWOT Analysis Strengths: Availability of surplus community resources adequate to cater the homeless in Chicago; presence of performance management systems with authorities of the Chicago government to collect information about homeless, measure statistics and prioritize people in order of need for aid; and strong relations and ties with outside countries and other American states shall enable it to bring in foreign aid support for the homeless in crucial times of need. Weaknesses: Lack of political will to bring about improvements and eliminate homelessness at state level for Chicago; inadequacy of community support from other Chicago residents to help the poor and homeless since the busy lives racing for money don’t allow them enough time and sympathy for others; and large size of this state with only a limited amount of funding makes it an extremely difficult job for government to operate smoothly, not only satisfying its abiding taxpayers but also managing to save surplus for the homeless. Opportunities: Chicago has a severe educational and illiteracy problem and this area has lot of room for improvement and therefore government should capitalize here to create better employment opportunities; Chicago needs foreign funding to accommodate its overpopulated region and therefore it should work efficiently and effectively in industrial areas to manufacture goods and services that attract foreign funding and investments; and the government should join international bodies that exist for these purposes only and should participate actively in grooming homeless slums of Chicago. Threats: Denial of help from foreign econo mies and international charitable bodies working for these causes; political pressures for own benefits might eventually stifle this cause; and lack of housing schemes available for the homeless due to full accommodation. Vision of path out of homelessness in Chicago Chicago shall become homeless-free through community engagement, creating unlimited employment opportunities, development of housing scheme